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From Parking to Power: Integrating an Energy Management System in a Multifunctional Building to Enable E-mobility
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electricity.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1787-5669
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Description
Abstract [en]

E-mobility is pivotal in enabling sustainable and technologically advanced urban environments. In line with this, Sweden's electric vehicle fleet is rapidly expanding, thereby increasing the power necessary for charging electric vehicles. If not properly managed and controlled, this increase in power can potentially threaten grid stability and exacerbate grid congestion. 

The primary aim of this thesis was to assess and investigate the potential of a next-generation parking facility at a multifunctional building to be an active part of the city’s distribution grid. The research was guided by the question of to what capacity smart control of a parking facility with a technical system could assist and alter the load demand to generate benefits for both the building and the city’s distribution grid.

This was investigated at Dansmästaren, the first multifunctional building in Uppsala, Sweden. An experimental setup with an electric vehicle charging station and an energy management system was developed at the Ångström laboratory to test and verify control strategies before their implementation at the multifunctional building's parking facility. Thereafter, a second energy management system was developed and implemented at Dansmästaren with the purpose of monitoring and controlling the electric vehicle charging at the parking facility.

The findings of the included papers were divided into two categories. The charging of the electric vehicles can either be assisted by the parking facility's technical system or altered by including the electric vehicle charging in the control for the technical system. Both categories show that a parking facility with a technical system in a multifunctional building can help reduce local grid demand while also providing local benefits for the building.

While the contribution of a single multifunctional building may appear negligible from a grid perspective, the cumulative effect becomes substantial when applied across multiple buildings. Thus, the parking facility at Dansmästaren has the potential to play an active role in the city’s distribution grid through smart charging and the utilization of an energy management system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2024. , p. 82
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 2449
Keywords [en]
Peak shaving, Negative correlation, Mobility house, Genetic algorithm, Dansmästaren, Multifunctional building, E-mobility
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Science with specialization in Science of Electricity
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-538089ISBN: 978-91-513-2229-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-538089DiVA, id: diva2:1897396
Public defence
2024-11-01, 101121, Sonja Lyttkens, Ångström, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-10-08 Created: 2024-09-12 Last updated: 2024-10-08
List of papers
1. Peak Shaving for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Case Study in a Parking Garage in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Peak Shaving for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Case Study in a Parking Garage in Uppsala, Sweden
2022 (English)In: World Electric Vehicle Journal, E-ISSN 2032-6653, Vol. 13, no 8, article id 152Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The need for a more flexible usage of power is increasing due to the electrification of new sectors in society combined with larger amounts of integrated intermittent electricity production in the power system. Among other cities, Uppsala in Sweden is undergoing an accelerated transition of its vehicle fleet from fossil combustion engines to electrical vehicles. To meet the requirements of the transforming mobility infrastructure, Uppsala municipality has, in collaboration with Uppsala University, built a full-scale commercial electrical vehicle parking garage equipped with a battery storage and photovoltaic system. This paper presents the current hardware topology of the parking garage, a neural network for day-ahead predictions of the parking garage’s load profile, and a simulation model in MATLAB using rule-based peak shaving control. The created neural network was trained on data from 2021 and its performance was evaluated using data from 2022. The performance of the rule-based peak shaving control was evaluated using the predicted load demand and photovoltaic data collected for the parking garage. The aim of this paper is to test a prediction model and peak shaving strategy that could be implemented in practice on-site at the parking garage. The created neural network has a linear regression index of 0.61, which proved to yield a satisfying result when used in the rule-based peak shaving control with the parking garage’s 60 kW/137 kWh battery system. The peak shaving model was able to reduce the highest load demand peak of 117 kW by 38.6% using the forecast of a neural network.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
battery energy storage system, peak shaving, photovoltaic, rule-based, neural network, Dansmästaren
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Science with specialization in Electronics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-482051 (URN)10.3390/wevj13080152 (DOI)000848288200001 ()
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-03066SweGRIDS - Swedish Centre for Smart Grids and Energy Storage, FPS24Vattenfall AB
Available from: 2022-08-18 Created: 2022-08-18 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
2. Potential of Load Shifting in a Parking Garage with Electric Vehicle Chargers, Local Energy Production and Storage
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Potential of Load Shifting in a Parking Garage with Electric Vehicle Chargers, Local Energy Production and Storage
2022 (English)In: World Electric Vehicle Journal, E-ISSN 2032-6653, Vol. 13, no 9, article id 166Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The electrification of the transport sector is of crucial importance for a successful transition to a fossil-free society. However, the electricity grid constitutes a bottleneck. This article provides a case study based on a real-world parking garage with a smart grid infrastructure, called Dansmästaren. The analysis shows how renewable energy sources, energy storage technologies, and smart charging of electric vehicles can smooth out the load curve of the parking garage and relieve the electric grid during peak hours. Dansmästaren is located in Uppsala, Sweden, and equipped with 60 charging points for electric vehicles, a PV system, and a battery storage system. The study utilizes an energy flow model to show the potential of a realistically dimensioned smart energy system, that can benefit the parking facility in itself and the local distribution grid in a city, Uppsala, with grid capacity challenges. The results suggest that the parking garage demand on the local grid can be significantly lowered by smarter control of its relatively small battery energy storage. Moreover, further smart control strategies can decrease demand up to 60% during high load hours while still guaranteeing fully charged vehicles at departure in near future scenarios. The study also shows that peak shaving strategies can lower the maximum peaks by up to 79%. A better understanding of the potential of public infrastructures for electric vehicle charging helps to increase knowledge on how they can contribute to more sustainable cities and a fossil-free society.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
electric vehicles, renewable energy, smart charge, peak shaving, load shift, mobility house, Dansmästaren, smart cities
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Science with specialization in Science of Electricity
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-484322 (URN)10.3390/wevj13090166 (DOI)000861345200001 ()
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-03066
Available from: 2022-09-09 Created: 2022-09-09 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
3. The potential impact of a mobility house on a congested distribution grid – a case study in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The potential impact of a mobility house on a congested distribution grid – a case study in Uppsala, Sweden
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2022 (English)In: CIRED Porto Workshop 2022: E-mobility and power distribution systems, London: IEEE, 2022, article id 1442Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The distribution grid in Uppsala, Sweden, has during the last years experienced an increasing number of hours with congestion, and as the city and number of EVs are growing new solutions are needed to not worsen this problem. Uppsala Municipality is planning a series of so-called “mobility houses” which will act as a hub for transportation while, at the same time, supporting the transition to a fossil-free energy system. Dansmästaren – the first mobility house in Uppsala – was built in 2020 and this paper describes its parking garage's main energy system parts, giving a brief introduction and analysis of each and their potential effect on Dansmästaren's grid impact. Dansmästaren has the potential to control its load on the grid, but it is essential to collect more data and analyze when flexibility is of most importance. Future studies suggest analyzing Dansmästaren's systems in more detail and developing a more advanced energy management system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: IEEE, 2022
Keywords
advanced energy management system, mobility house, congested distribution grid, Sweden, Uppsala Municipality, fossil-free energy system, parking garage, Dansmästaren's grid impact
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-483806 (URN)10.1049/icp.2022.0880 (DOI)
Conference
CIRED workshop on E-mobility and power distribution systems, 02-03 June 2022, Hybrid Conference, Porto, Portugal
Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
4. Correlation as a method to assess electricity users' contributions to grid peak loads: A case study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Correlation as a method to assess electricity users' contributions to grid peak loads: A case study
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2024 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 288, article id 129805Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Flexibility has increasingly gained attention within the field of electrification and energy transition where a common objective is to reduce the electricity consumption peaks. However, flexibility can increase the risk of grid congestion depending on where and when and it is used, thus an overall system perspective needs to be considered to ensure an effective energy transition. This paper presents a framework to assess electricity users' contributions to grid load peaks by splitting electricity consumption data into subsets based on time and temperature. The data in each subset is separately correlated with the grid load using three correlation measures to assess how the user's consumption changes at the same time as typical grid peak loads occur. The framework is implemented on four different types of business activities at Uppsala municipality in Sweden, which is a large public entity, to explore their behaviors and assess their grid peak load contributions. The results of this study conclude that all four activities generally contribute to the grid peak loads, but that differences exist. These differences are not visible without splitting the data, and not doing so can lead to unrepresentative conclusions. The presented framework can identify activities that contribute the most to unfavorable grid peaks, providing a tool for decision-makers to enable an accelerated energy transition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Electricity consumption, Flexibility, Power grid peaks, Smart grids, Time series correlation analysis
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-521176 (URN)10.1016/j.energy.2023.129805 (DOI)001137879700001 ()
Available from: 2024-01-24 Created: 2024-01-24 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
5. Negative correlation peak shaving control in a parking garage in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Negative correlation peak shaving control in a parking garage in Uppsala, Sweden
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2024 (English)In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 375, article id 124082Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As the global transition away from fossil fuels accelerates, energy systems across the globe face a significant challenge. Given the high energy consumption of electric vehicle chargers, effective control is imperative to prevent local grid overload and congestion. In Uppsala, Sweden, a newly built parking garage includes 30 electric vehicle chargers, 62 kW solar energy production, and a 60 kW/137 kWh battery energy storage system. This paper presents a control algorithm that uses a negative correlation scheme, adjusted to the local grid load, to effectively manage the battery energy storage. To improve the performance of the algorithm, a genetic optimization method is applied to find the best feasible daily load profile for the parking garage. The results indicate that peak load and energy consumption during grid high-load hours can be significantly reduced. This also results in an 9.5−12.8% reduction in electricity distribution fees at current prices as well as a peak load reduction of up to 50 %. Increasing the battery capacity and charging/discharging power in the scenarios analysed within the study will improve the algorithm’s ability to achieve a satisfactory negative correlation between the load demand of the facility and the local grid. The proposed control algorithm lowers the facility’s impact on the local grid during high-load peak hours by utilizing the battery energy storage system at the parking garage. Moreover, it decreases the distribution fees of the facility by lowering the load peaks and shifting the electricity consumption to the morning and night.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Peak shaving, Negative correlation, Mobility house, Genetic algorithm, Dansmästaren
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-537029 (URN)10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124082 (DOI)001293475300001 ()
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-03066
Available from: 2024-08-26 Created: 2024-08-26 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
6. Exploring the Potential Demand-Side Flexibility of a Microgrid: A Case Study at a Multifunctional Building in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the Potential Demand-Side Flexibility of a Microgrid: A Case Study at a Multifunctional Building in Uppsala, Sweden
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2024 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study investigates the potential implementation of a microgrid at Dansmästaren, a multifunctional building in Uppsala, Sweden, comprising a supermarket, residential apartments, and a parking garage. This paper analyzes the load profiles of the various components within Dansmästaren and the Uppsala grid to identify overlapping peak demand periods that increase overall facility power consumption and contribute to grid congestion. Focus is given to the three days with the highest peak loads; the worst day for Uppsala’s distribution grid, the highest peak for the entire building, and the highest peak for the parking garage, representing the most challenging scenarios for the microgrid. The study explores how integrating smart charging capabilities for electric vehicles in the parking garage can provide flexibility to shift loads and mitigate peak demands during these worst-case days. A flexibility index quantifies the extent to which the parking garage’s smart charging capabilities can support the building’s energy needs and reduce grid strain during peak demands. The study demonstrates a high potential for demand-side flexibility in Dansmästaren, as reflected by the Time Flexibility Index values of 0.77, 0.79, and 0.72. These results underscore the effectiveness of smart charging strategies in reducing peak loads and enhancing grid stability. The findings suggest that more advanced approaches could further improve building sustainability, especially in light of Sweden’s growing adoption of electric vehicles. This study encourages innovative urban solutions and provides a foundation for future research.

Keywords
Demand-side flexibility, EV charging, Microgrid, Multifunctional building, Energy community, Flexibility, Dansmästaren
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-538051 (URN)
Conference
7th IEEE Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles (ESARS) and International Transportation Electrification Conference, Naples, Italy, 26-29 November, 2024
Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-09 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
7. EV charging load forecast using LSTM: a case study at a multi-functional building in Uppsala, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>EV charging load forecast using LSTM: a case study at a multi-functional building in Uppsala, Sweden
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Energy-smart facilities contribute to a cleaner future by assisting the decarbonization of power generation and transportation. One example is the multi-functional building called Dansmästaren, which comprises a residential part, a commercial part and a parking garage and that is located in Uppsala, Sweden. This facility is a test bed for research on smart infrastructures for electric vehicle charging and has the flexibility to integrate different energy storage technologies, electricity generation units, database collection, and connectivity systems. Furthermore, Dansmästaren’s parking garage targets two distinct EV owner groups: public charger users and those with residential charging access. This work provides insights into charging behavior across these categories. This paper applies load forecast model using LSTM neural network to predict the parking garage’s load demand profile at Dansmästaren based on historical data. The performance of the LSTM network during testing and training is analyzed across various scenarios, using historical data from May 2021 to April 2023 collected at the parking garage. The hour-ahead load demand prediction achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.7. The results obtained in this study are valuable for implementing future smart charge strategies in real environment and for increasing knowledge about EV charging patterns.

Keywords
Long Short-Term Memory, Load Forecast, Multi-Functional Building, Ev Charging, Public and Residential Charging
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering with Specialisation in Networked Embedded Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-538006 (URN)
Available from: 2024-09-08 Created: 2024-09-08 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved
8. Analysis of voltage control using V2G technology to support low voltage distribution networks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of voltage control using V2G technology to support low voltage distribution networks
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2024 (English)In: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, ISSN 1751-8687, E-ISSN 1751-8695, Vol. 18, no 6, p. 1133-1157Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The V2G technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.image

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
active networks, electric vehicles, energy resources, vehicle-to-grid, voltage control
National Category
Energy Systems Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-528481 (URN)10.1049/gtd2.13066 (DOI)001112709700001 ()
Available from: 2024-05-23 Created: 2024-05-23 Last updated: 2024-09-12Bibliographically approved

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