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From newswire to nexus: Using text-based actor embeddings and transformer networks to forecast conflict dynamics
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research. (VIEWS)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5372-7129
Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
2024 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study advances the field of conflict forecasting by using text-based actor embeddings with transformer models to predict dynamic changes in violent conflict patterns at the actor level. More specifically, we combine newswire texts with structured conflict event data and leverage recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to forecast escalations and de-escalations among conflicting actors, such as governments, militias, separatist movements, and terrorists. This new approach accurately and promptly captures the inherently volatile patterns of violent conflicts, which existing methods have not been able to achieve. To create this framework, we began by curating and annotating a vast international newswire corpus, leveraging hand-labeled event data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. By using this hybrid dataset,  our models can incorporate the textual context of news sources along with the precision and detail of structured event data. This combination enables us to make both dynamic and granular predictions about conflict developments. We validate our approach through rigorous back-testing against historical events, demonstrating superior out-of-sample predictive power. We find that our approach is quite effective in identifying and predicting phases of conflict escalation and de-escalation, surpassing the capabilities of traditional models. By focusing on actor interactions, our explicit goal is to provide actionable insights to policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and peacekeeping operations in order to enable targeted and effective intervention strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The American Political Science Association , 2024.
National Category
Natural Language Processing Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies) Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-544710OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-544710DiVA, id: diva2:1919202
Conference
120th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, United States of America, September 5--8
Part of project
Societies at risk: The impact of armed conflict on human development, Riksbankens JubileumsfondAvailable from: 2024-12-07 Created: 2024-12-07 Last updated: 2025-02-20
In thesis
1. Forecasting battles: New machine learning methods for predicting armed conflict
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Forecasting battles: New machine learning methods for predicting armed conflict
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Over the past decade, the field of conflict forecasting has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis, transforming from a series of isolated efforts with low predictive power into large, globe-spanning projects with impressive performance. However, despite this evolution, many challenges still remain. First, while we are good at predicting absolute risks, we are poor at predicting conflict dynamics (onsets, escalations, de-escalations and terminations). Second, we are over-reliant on spatio-temporal features and mechanistic models due to the nature of the event-data we use, thus excluding actor agency. Third, we do not handle either data or model uncertainty. Fourth, we are lagging behind the state-of-the-art in machine-learning. This dissertation attempts to resolve some of these salient difficulties, by contributing to six core elements of current-generation forecasting systems. First, time, by looking at the substantive effects and uncertainties of the temporal distance between data and forecast horizons. Second, space, by looking at the inherent uncertainties of high-resolution geospatial data and proposing a statistical method to address this. Third, feature space, by tackling the extreme feature sparsity in event-data and proposing a novel, deep active learning approach to mine features from existing large conflict-related text corpora. Fourth, substantive knowledge, by combining findings from the previous papers to take a fresh look at the microdynamics of conflict escalation. Fifth, the forecasting process itself, by building models that directly forecast from text, eliminating the intermediate step of manual data curation. Finally, the frontier of event-data, by looking at whether the news-media heavy way we collect violent fatal events can be extended to the collection of non-violent events. Methodologically, the dissertation introduces state-of-the art methods to the field, including the use of large language models, Gaussian processes, active learning and deep time series modelling. The six papers in the dissertation exhibit significant performance improvement, especially in forecasting dynamics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2025. p. 62
Series
Report / Department of Peace and Conflict Research, ISSN 0566-8808 ; 132
Keywords
conflict forecasting, predictive methodology, event data, battle events, spatial forecasting, machine learning, large language models, computational linguistics, civil war, armed conflict
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies) Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Computer Sciences Social and Economic Geography
Research subject
Peace and Conflict Research; Computational Linguistics; Political Science; Social and Economic Geography; Machine learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-545176 (URN)978-91-506-3086-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-21, Brusewitzsalen, Gamla Torget 6, Uppsala, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2024-12-12 Last updated: 2025-02-20

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Croicu, Mihai

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Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
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