This is the final concluding chapter in an edited volume on internationalization of higher education and research. The chapter brings together the conclusions from the three earlier sections of the book. As for Perspectives, the chapter elaborates on definitions of internationalisation, role models and the role of rankings. In terms of Obstacles, it points to the significance of language, challenges of mobility and environmental concerns. Regarding Alternative Modes, the chapter discusses internationalisation at home, distance education and bransch campuses. Looking ahead, the chapter points out that internationalization of higher education and research is in flux not least as a result of political changes in the world towards more authoritarian and nationalistic leadership challenging openness and academic freedom.