The increased urgency of nuclear tensions requires a closer look at what can be done, for instance, with the help of sanctions. This chapter offers an overview of the sanctions’ role in international law and international relations to date. It assesses their impact and effectiveness, adherence to human rights, international legitimacy, and legality. The chapter then zooms into the interplay between sanctions and nuclear non-proliferation and, in so doing, reflects on the main findings and conclusions of each chapter of the volume. It draws on, and stresses, one of the main threads of this volume: the fine balancing act between coercive measures and positive inducements as a necessary prerequisite in diplomacy and politics to help increase the likelihood of a positive outcome, that is disarmament or non-proliferation. Further, the chapter emphasizes that, apart from seeking to change the behaviour of target states, sanctions have expressive or normative functions. In the end, rather than offering definitive answers, the chapter takes stock of the advantages and pitfalls related to sanctions. It asks key questions and offers direction for further and much-needed academic and policy research that would build on the current body of work.