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The present work provides a description of the rise of the Persian and Kurdish novel, using as its background specific definitions and theories of the novel and its emergence. Considering the novel as an originally European genre, the study looks at the different prerequisites for its emergence, e.g. modernity, modernisation, nationalism, a publishing industry, institutionalised journalism, translation and socio-political conditions. It examines these prerequisites in the Persian and Kurdish context. Its aim is to investigate the emergence of the novel and its development in the case of a nation-state (the Persian) and in the case of a stateless nation (the Kurdish). Furthermore, through the close reading of five selected Persian novels and five Kurdish novels the author intends to scrutinise their various political, social and cultural characteristics. The study also attempts to investigate the contribution of the novel to nation building and whether there is any affinity between the novel genre’s appearance and the rise of the Iranian and Kurdish nations.

The most important conclusion to be drawn from the present study is that while the Persian novel appears in the early 20^th century, the Kurdish novel appears in the late decades of the same century. Moreover, the early Persian novels deal with the issue of country and nationalism, whereas the more developed Persian novels later on mostly concern themselves with the individual, social and political problems of the country. However, the failure of Kurdish nationalism in the building of a Kurdish state provides the Kurdish novel with a context for its struggle in the search for a national identity. The Persian novel, as it derives its support from the nation-state, largely enjoys the favourable conditions necessary for its development. The Kurdish novel, however, is deprived of such conditions and instead expresses itself in the diaspora.

The aim of this study is to establish, describe and present a term list; based upon word level operations of Avot Yeshurun, as used within the framework of a given literary context (metonymy) and adapted by the poet to a given language environment (poems in New Hebrew).

Aided by terminological methods of description, a classification of the poet's working terminology is conducted, based upon linguistic and, thematic categories, composed in the light of concept-oriented literary criticism in Israel, the issue of transnationality and the meta-time approach typical of holocaust literature.

Considering established patterns and normative requirements for word formation in NH (sections 2.4 - 2.7) and presenting compounds according to the international standards ISO 10241:1992(E) and ISO/TC 37, terms in the resulting term list help bring into focus the poet's operations in the micro perspective and elucidate the act of compounding in which lexical representations of underlying concepts are linked together or transposed, to form Avot Yeshurun's working terminology. Examples for the interaction and systematic correspondence between literary themes and linguistic categories in Yeshurun's compounding serve to elucidate the usability of the suggested contextualising and presentation method and to teach us more about the contribution of Avot Yeshurun to Israeli Hebrew.

The article is a description of the sociolinguistic setting of the Balochi language in Turkmenistan. Phonological, morpho-syntactic and lexical borrowings from Russian and Turkmen are also described.

The article is an analysis and grouping of reflections of Old Iranian present and past verb stems in Balochi and Persian

Hungarian, aspect

This study analyses the major intellectual positions in the philosophical debate on Islamic law that is occuring in contemporary Iran. As the characteristic features of traditional epistemic considerations have a direct bearing on the modern development of Islamic legal thought, the contemporary positions are initially set against the established normative repertory of Islamic tradition. It is within this broad examination of a living legacy of interpretation that the context for the concretisations of traditional as well as modern Islamic learning are enclosed. After the 1979 revolution, the problem of the renewal of Islamic law has acquired great urgency and there is an ongoing debate as to the best legal solutions to many problems facing contemporary society given that there is no clear position under many areas of traditional jurisprudence. Among the pivotal figures who are considered in this respect are primarily Άbdullāh Jawādī-Āmulī (traditionalism), Muḥammad Mujtahid-Shabistarī (modernism) and Άbd al-Karīm Surūsh (postmodernism), but other individuals who belong to the Islamic intellectual elite of Iran are also included. In the main the position of Surūsh is highlighted, since his post-1988 writings on the nature of Islamic law, legal epistemology and hermeneutics accommodate Islam to modernity to an extent unsurpassed in the Iranian context.

In light of the relationship between global modernity and the religion of Islam, the purpose of this book is to analyse to what extent these positions and their understanding of questions of epistemology, methodology and hermeneutics are engendered by the cognitive and ontological structures of modernity. The major argument presented is that modernity no longer is categorically conceptualised as an externalphenomenon among many religious intellectuals, but that there is instead an effort on their part to develop indigenous expressions of its driving principles. In an attempt to define some of the contents of a supposed Islamic modernity, this study suggests that Islamic postmodernism has paradigmatic relevance and reflects a thoroughly transitional phenomenon within Shi’i speculation on divine law.

The dissertation focuses on the relationship between the Peshitta readings and their equivalent readings in the ancient versions. The purpose of this study is to discover the possible influences of the Masoretic Text on the one hand, and the versions, especially the Septuagint, on the other. The material is too scarce to attempt creating a stemma. Therefore, as a starting point, it was decided to look into the matter from a purely formalistic point of view. The sources used were the Masoretic Text, medieval Hebrew manuscripts, Targum Jonathan, the Septuagint, the Syro-Hexapla, Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin. In contrast to other such ndeavors, all the variant material in the most recent text editions available was included. The Septuagint variant material has been regrouped according to suggestions by J. Wm. Wevers. The investigation limits itself to all actual variants found in chapters l-5 in my Joshua edition for the Leiden Peshitta.

The methodology was to assess the relevance of each of the 459 readings and discuss their place among the versional readings. Each of these readings is quoted in context, additional Peshitta variant information given, grouped and organized in such a way as to allow the reader to arrive at alternative solutions. The variants are then discussed in regard to various possible explanations or alternatives of translation technique. The presentation attempts to satisfy the specialized as well as the general reader.

The conclusions, within the framework of a limited text corpus, are tentatively as following: The Peshitta most often follows the Masoretic Text. At times, the Peshitta agrees with Septuagint readings which only can have originated in the Septuagint. The Targum does not seem to have influenced the Peshitta. There are indications of contacts between the Peshitta and the Ethiopic Bible, an area needing further study. The Vulgate gives but little insight beyond the other versional material presented. Early Coptic readings (early 4th century A.D.) contribute to the verification of the antiquity of later medieval Greek readings. For the purposes of the modern Bible translator, the Peshitta has little to offer apart from where it is unique, and there, other explanations for versional contacts can be given.