Logo: to the web site of Uppsala University

We study executive compensation packages and ownership structures for a sample of firms listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange over the period 1999 to 2008. The basic question we raise is whether strong CEOs can set their own salaries and bonuses given the composition of group management and institutional ownership. With the use of exclusive ultimate ownership records we can identify the relationship between ownership and executive compensation. Collectively, we find a positive relationship between strong CEOs and compensation. Moreover, compensation is related to the composition of ownership and breadth of ownership. Firms with high foreign institutional ownership are associated with higher compensation to the CEO.  These results affect the possibility of an all European compensation strategy.

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine compensation to Swedish executives over the period 1999 to 2008 and whether domestic and foreign equity ownership influence levels.

Design/methodology/approach

We use the strength of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), defined as the ratio between total compensation to the CEO and total compensation to Group management, as our primary variable of interest. Cross-sectional regression analysis is used to examine if the domiciles of stockholders as well as firm specific factors can predict compensation.

Findings

We find a positive relationship between compensation levels to the CEO and foreign institutional investors. Higher foreign institutional holdings reduce the strength of the CEO. Our findings do not support the claim that compensation to CEO is related to firm behaviour or market related valuation measures.

Practical implications

This paper finds that holdings by foreign investors are negatively related to the strength of the CEO.

We study underpricing and equity holdings following initial public offerings (IPOs) in Sweden over the sample period 2000 through 2010. By exploiting a unique data set, with information of the ultimate holdings by institutional as well as individual investors in these firms, we make several original contributions to the existing literature related to IPOs as our data are sharper and more detailed than what have been used in prior studies. We document, as most prior studies of IPOs, that they on average are underpriced (i.e., associated with a positive initial return). IPOs with low (high) initial return have higher (lower) equity holdings by retail investors. We find that institutional investors are, to greater extent than individual investors, able to identify firms with a high initial return (i.e. receives the money left on the table). Hence, our data support the generally accepted view that institutional investors are better equipped to process information. We also confirm that the relationship between underpricing (the initial return) and offer price is U-shaped, as first reported by Fernando, Krishnamurty and Spindt (2004). Our multivariate analysis shows that individual investors have preferences for low priced IPOs whereas domestic (foreign) institutional investors have preferences for low (high) priced IPOs. Our analysis of domicile of institutional investors indicates that foreign institutional investors have preferences for holdings in IPOs characterized by a high initial return and large capitalization values. Analysis of overseas institutional holdings indicates existence of information asymmetries related to distance.

We study underpricing and equity holdings following initial public offerings (IPOs) in Sweden over the sample period 2000 through 2009. We document, as most prior studies of IPOs, that they on average are underpriced (i.e., associated with a positive initial return). IPOs with a low (high) initial return have higher (lower) equity holdings by retail investors. Our analysis of domicile of institutional investors indicates that foreign institutional investors have preferences for holdings in IPOs characterized by a high initial return and large capitalization values. Analysis of overseas institutional holdings indicates existence of information asymmetries related to distance.

Background

Regional Development is a permanent activity of change including long range visions and goals. This work includes both continuous and breakthrough change. Quality management practises are used for organisational improvement and could be seen as one way of supporting effective change management. Provided we can view a region as an organisation we could also view it as a process. Dealing with the region as a system of processes might make it possible to use quality management practices to support more effective regional development. Based on an analysis of the presentation of the current state and the visionary state it should be possible to analyse proposed change strategies from a process perspective.

Purpose

The general purpose of the study is to see how universities could contribute to regional development. Specific research questions in this study are:

For a region how can the present state, the visionary state and the chosen change strategies, be described with Quality Management values and methodologies with focus on the process view

How do the regional university mission, vision and goals align with defined regional objectives?

Methodology

A literature survey for how Quality Management has been used for regional development is carried out to create a structure for the data collection. The region of Gotland is chosen as an example for a region. The reason for this is that Gotland is a small region consisting of an island providing clear boundaries. There is only one university, which makes it easier to study the links between university and region. Available regional visions are studied as well as main presentation of regional performance with focus on the region of Gotland. The main organizational stakeholders are identified and studied. Data is gathered from web sites and from interviews. The categorisation of information is based on a process perspective using process based system models adapted to the initial literature survey. The current change process is also portrayed. In order to see how the local university performance and plans align with the regional plans the Gotland University web-site is studied for relevant documents.

Main results

Regional performance can seemingly be described using process based system models. The stakeholder approach can in a meaningful way be used to describe main regional requirements.

Management systems are widely used for creating order, minimising risks and for assuring performance. Management systems are in many occasions integrated since this has been found to be beneficial. In this paper a model for a fully integrated management system (IMS) based on the three axes of level, extent and scope of integration is tested for relevance. The studied system permits the integration of all relevant process dimensions. The research is only in a pilot stage, but the initial results are promising and indicate that there are advantages in using the process view as a base for identifying critical aspects to be managed. A review of the current situation for system integration is studied and the model is subjected to some tests using Sweden as a case. The background study shows that system integration still is limited, especially when comparing with a fully integrated IMS. The feedback from the organisations interviewed is positive and supports continued work with development of the model.

In most descriptions of business development and models for Corporate Governance, contacts between supplier and customer are for the most part focused on the supplier’s responsibility to identify and document customer requirements in order to enable the organization to meet customer requirements (stated and unstated). In the actual contact between customer and supplier it has been observed in several cases that there are aspects of the interaction not described in traditional theoretical quality models. What seems to be missing is a more explicit requirement for customers and for customers' actions. The logic is that a qualified customer performing based on supplier instructions will result in a better performing product. The apparent lack of theoretical models describing this aspect indicates that this is an interesting area for research and development.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight a seemingly "forgotten" area within quality management, which is the lack of requirements put on customers in quality models.  The first objective is to review existing quality models to explore the extent of requirement on customers included. The second objective is to propose additions to current models that include requirements placed on customers.

A limited review of the award criteria and the most common models for quality and improvement techniques shows that there is no explicit and documented way to set requirements for customers. Our interpretation is that EFQM is the model closest to our description of “demands on customer” due to their clauses connected to “partnership”.

The ISO/DIS 26000 is moving the requirements further against the customer for the social responsibility than the quality standards are doing.

Further research could focus on how requirements on customer will affect the performance of the entire supply chain both from a quality and social point of view.

Lean or Toyota Production System (TPS) has more or less successfully been implemented in the Western world’s businesses and organizations for the past 20 years. Several authors have discussed what it is that creates a successful implementation, and several studies have been presented where strategies for implementations have been studied. Culture’s impact and possible mitigation for Western companies have been studied and described by for example Womak & Jones. Proponents of the concept of Lean argue that culture is not a constraint for implementation of Lean. Lean Management is called a philosophy but it is often used as a change strategy in the sense that it is implemented with the view of improving performance. A change strategy could be seen as a product that might have to be customized with the view of improving the effectiveness of the implementation. On the other hand abandoning a standardized approach comes with the risk of severely altering the change strategy, possibly to its detriment. Implementing Lean will have an effect on the company culture. Does it make any sense customizing the implementation to culture if the issue is changing the culture? The purpose of this paper is to highlight and discuss the balance between a customized implementation and a standardized implementation. Which are the main arguments for standardization and customization and how could these be reconciled? A literature study of Lean implementation has been carried out and compared with Lean principles and theories from change management with focus on change drivers and change barriers. Main drivers of Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions are compared with Lean principles to identify possible drivers and barriers in different cultures. The theory synthesis on drivers and barriers is subjected to a first test in a case study on Lean implementation according to a standardized approach. The implementation is made in a small Swedish factory belonging to a worldwide industrial company. Results from the literature review and the case study indicate that both customization and standardization are needed.

Effective management in the globalized world requires an effective, efficient and flexible management system. Effective could be interpreted as addressing all relevant stakeholder concerns in a context of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Efficient would mean that it does the job with low resource use. Flexibility requires that changed conditions and new requirements easily can be included. Many organizations are already working with Integrated Management Systems (IMS). Interesting questions are to what extent current integration covers the above mentioned needs and if not what changes are needed. This conceptual paper looks at the advantages and problems of integration. Possibilities for development of fully integrated management systems are studied from the perspective of managing stakeholder needs, with the forthcoming ISO 26000 – “Guidance on social responsibility”, as inspiration. Results show that there are advantages in integration, but that the scope and level of integration often is limited. A conceptual model for integrating all stakeholder needs in value networks is presented.

Föreliggande uppsats studerar Friedensreich Hundertwassers (1928-2000) organiska/vegetativaarkitektur, begränsad till utvalda signifikativa arkitekturelement på fyra olika bildnivåer, frånöversiktsbild till en avgränsad del av ett mindre utrymme. Den byggnad som avses är kvarteretDie Grüne Zitadelle i Magdeburg, Tyskland. Uppsatsen är tudelad i den meningen att den utgårifrån nämnd arkitektur och analyseras/syntetiseras enligt Erwin Panofskys ikonologiska metod. Urdenna första analys framvaskas relevanta dikotomier, en metod som i sin ursprungliga form ärHeinrich Wölfflins komparativa. Dock jämförs inte Hundertwassers verk genom epokskiljandestilfaktorer, utan genom jämförande med en konstnär som enligt tidigare forskning anses varanärliggande Hundertwasser. Denne arkitekt är Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926), verket för analysen ärCasa Milá i Barcelona i Spanien. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom dikotomierna experimentelltjämföra arkitekterna och deras verk, och forskningsinriktningen ligger i att urröna omdikotomierna kan blottlägga insikter om skillnader och/eller likheter som annars kunde varit svåraatt identifiera. Resultatet visar att arkitekterna tolkat filosofin på delvis lika och delvis olika sätt.Sammanfattande har Hundertwasser ett betydligt mer individualiserat formspråk avseende designifikativa arkitekturelementen. Oavsett om den dubbla metoden tillför nya kunskaper eller inte,torde dikotomierna kunna fungera som stöd för arkitekturanalyser och som hjälp vidkonstreflektion.

This study examines how a company adapts its operating control when the environmental circumstances are changing. This is a case study with a qualitative approach which is based on interviews. The main purpose is to examine how an accounting firm adjusts its operating control in order to meet the abolishment of the statutory auditing. Another purpose is to describe how the abolishment of the statutory auditing will influence or have influenced the choice of measures in the balanced scorecard. The question this study aims to examine is: How do audit firms adapt its operating control in order to meet changes in the environment? This question lead to a second question which the study also aims to examine and is How is the abolishment of the statutory auditing influencing the accounting firms goals, measures and focus in the balanced scorecard? The conclusion of this study shows that the abolishment of the statutory auditing has had an influence on the balanced scorecard. The interviews have manifested that both the customer and the development/leadership perspective have been adapted in order to meet the abolishment of the statutory auditing. Nevertheless the study also indicates that the balanced scorecard contains central key performance indicators which are essential in the management control of an accounting firm.

Passengers get dissatisfied because of poor communication and bad co-operation between railway companies. The alternative solutions to the passengers at the traffic disruptions are not the best, which causes traveler dissatisfaction. The risk is that passengers choose other ways of transport.

Each transport organizer is responsible for the passengers. The form of the operating agreements between transport authorities and rail companies creates a structure for the responsibilities of the different components. This is also part of the problem leading to unhappy customers.

I have studied this problem through interviews and surveys at DSB Småland where I work asa traffic controller. Jönköping County relates to the DSB Småland with a contract. I have hadthe opportunity to interview dispatchers in Jönköping County and to take part of customer complaints. But the big picture is not only about DSB Småland and Jönköping County. Consequently I have chosen to also include opinions from the DB-Regional traffic.

Dedicated people from the different organizations have helped me to collect the information needed. Documentation of the selected organization the DSB Småland and my personal experience has helped me to formulate some conclusions:

• Individual responsibility and mutual responsibility across organizational boundaries is important and it does not exist today. That may result in each organization working to save itself without looking at the big picture. Greater individual responsibility and collective responsibility across organizational boundaries will lead to focus on the passengers and it can result in saving resources.
• Collaboration between organizations, which does not exist today, is needed. Without organized cooperation, the risk will be that each organization can be held to the agreement with the county traffic without any further interest towards the traveler. The more cooperation between the organizations, the more satisfied customers.
• Communication between the organizations on the problems encountered needs to be improved. Poor communication between organizations leads to waste of environmental resources and other assets, and leads to dissatisfied customers. Better communication gives all organizations the possibility of increasing the number of passengers, to save resources and leads to increased sustainability in train traffic.

It takes exchange of experiences between railway companies to achieve better quality of train services, more sustainable rail services to all, stronger collaboration and deep and straightforward communication.

With the increase of volatility in financial markets and leading to financial risk and corporate failures, organizations are showing keen interest in managing financial risk, one of the most commonly used technique to minimize financial risk is hedging. Hedging of oil prices has also become a common practice especially in shipping. Financial risk managers are busy in saving the industries from expected risk and volatility in oil prices through hedging. Therefore we have decided to look into shipping industry and specifically to study the hedging oil prices with respect to a case study on Gotlandsbolaget.Our case study will also focus on the relationship between oil and ticket price ratios in Gotlandsbolaget, TT Line and Adria Ferries Ltd. In order to collect empirical data we have done interviews with the companies and worked closely with Destination Gotland and Nordea bank.The results of the study show that Gotlandsbolaget hedge oil prices to protect themselves from volatility of oil prices. Regression analysis showed that there is a positive relationship between ticket prices and oil prices in the companies operating in Sweden while a relatively weaker relationship exists for the Adria Ferries Ltd. This study will help the shipping companies, who are either new in hedging or want to minimize and avert the risk and volatility in oil prices through hedging.

Internet banking has an impact on banking performance as well as customer’s daily life. Customers are getting more used to use Internet banking services because the Internet is so popular and common available, it is more convenient and comfortable for customers to use banking services on the Internet. Hereby Internet banking also helps to improve banking service and increasing banks profitability by reducing costs. It also increases the overall value of the banks services by providing convenience, reliable, faster, cheaper services. The purpose of study is to find out which services customer prefers to execute the Internet bank and which services customers prefer to execute through branch office and based on this, what combination of services are desirable for banks customers in Visby. Finding shows that young and educated people are more frequently users of Internet banking for balance inquiry and for viewing the transaction history of his/her account. For some services customers prefer to visit branch office when opining a new account, deposit money, insurances service and loan activities. Banks encourage their customers to use online services but there is need that there are some activities that customer must go to the branch office.

In this report presents a thesis by Frida Altskog performed in collaboration with Askersunds Kakelmakeri. The project’s goal has been to produce a ceramic ledge after the company’s specifications. The company’s desire and production facilities have been in focus.  This report includes a collection of facts and gives an overview of the ceramic material, production of ceramic products and how production of hand-made tiles and clinker is made. A analysis of target group and market have been a guide line through the projects ideas and realizations.  The final product is a ceramic ledge that can combine with three different patterns. Classic, modern and oriental. It can be combined and adjustable on different surfaces. The form of the ledge is effective to produce and it can be made in Askersund kakelmakeris pottery.

Globalization abates barriers and makes the world similar, but also leads countries to perform like companies seeking and competing for global capitals. In this competition the „nation brand‟ becomes a critical tool to stand out and attract any sort of foreign investments. In this research, the factors which affect the nation brand, presented in the Anholt´s hexagon model, will be tested through the combination of theory on nation branding and empirical data. The study analyzes how different organizations affect and promote the commercial image of Spain in Sweden. Up to seven entities susceptible to affect the brand Spain were analyzed; the ICEX, the economic and commercial office of Spain in Stockholm, the embassy of Spain in Stockholm, Invest in Spain, the Elcano Royal institute, the Hispanic-Swedish chamber of commerce in Madrid and the Swedish trade council in Madrid. The study also presents an outline of the current context of the brand Spain and its projection in Sweden, as well as an overview on the trade relationship between both countries. The individual commitment of most of the organizations investigated, under the guidance of the Ministry of foreign affairs and the Ministry of industry, tourism, and trade of Spain, appears as one of the main findings. Despite the limited scope of this investigation, the relative novelty of this field of study leaves room for further research in different directions, questioning those who claim that globalization threats local diversity.

The aim of this study has been to see what the Ajvide location and its surroundings mighthave been used as. The author is going to compare a couple of sites, Stora Förvar, Snausarve, Bjerges and Ajvide, and see if these sites might have some connection to each other. Thesesites are going to be studied and see what they might have been used as, maybe a burialground or a settlement.

I uppsatsen läggs ett intersektionellt perspektiv på konsthistorien. Det sker genom en belysning av det sydsvenska bonadsmåleriets undanskymda plats i allmänhet och de kvinnliga bonadsmålarnas osynliga roll i synnerhet.

Uppsatsen består av fyra kapitel. I det första studerar jag den svenska konsthistorieskrivningen i tre historiografiska undersökningar: först en narrativ, sedan en kvantitativ och sist en komparativ diskussion av några historiografiska verk. Min huvudsakliga slutsats är att klassanalys lyser med sin frånvaro, ordet klass och framför allt arbetarklass nämns förhållandevis sällan. Genusstrukturer analyseras i varierande grad och på olika sätt medan etnicitet mest omnämns som en kanoniserad uteslutning.

I det andra kapitlet introduceras först den sydsvenska bonadstraditionen. Därpå presenteras Bengta Persdotter i Hyhult som ett exempel ur den kvinnliga skaran målare. I samband med det görs en möjlig attribuering av en bonad till henne. En historiografisk undersökning av folkkonstbegreppet påvisar hur det skapats av forskare för att särskilja folket från den kulturella eliten. Först betecknade folkkonst det förindustriella bondesamhällets konstnärliga föremål och den lyftes fram i en strävan att profilera en nationell identitet under senare 1800-tal. Under tidigt 1900-tal kom forskarnas attityder att bli nedlåtande. Teorier om ”gesunkenes Kulturgut” och stilretardation myntades för att leva kvar mot seklets slut. Ett begrepp som fortfarande används är ”horror vacui” vilket jag analyserar kritiskt och ger ersättningsförslaget ytmässig bildförtätning. En annan utveckling av begreppet är att det efterhand vidgats till att omfatta konsumtionssamhällets vardagsyttringar i en väldigt bred förståelse. Det får till följd att värderingen relativiseras. Undersökningen visar därtill att folkkonsten försummats av konstvetenskapen. Exempel på forskningens växlande värdering av sydsvenskt bonadsmåleri redogörs.

I det tredje kapitlet diskuterar jag först resultatet från första kapitlet i relation till olika texter om konsten i termer av hur kultur och institutioner förhåller sig till främst klass men också kön och etnicitet. Några resultat från rapporter på fältet belyser situationen och tydliggör behovet av att inkludera de sociala kategorierna klass, kön och etnicitet i analyser av ojämlika maktförhållanden i konstvärlden.

I det fjärde kapitlet jämför jag några bilder på bönder och adelsmän med avsändare från de olika klasserna adel, borgarklass och allmoge för att föra en diskussion om betydelsen av avsändarperspektiv och identifikation.

I min diskussion drar jag några slutsatser om den diskursiva tystnaden kring framförallt klass. I uppsatsen dras linjer mellan olika skeenden i historien och våra dagar för att åskådliggöra samband mellan odlade attityder och dominerande norm i det fält som utgörs av konsten och konstvetenskapen.

Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att, diskutera träskulpturens roll i en medeltida kyrka respektive i en kyrka byggd på 1990-talet. Fokus ligger på skulpturernas nutida roll inom Svenska kyrkan. Frågeställningarna som jag arbetar efter handlar om vilken relevans/roll som de medeltida skulpturerna har i Hyssna gamla kyrka idag. Arbetet tar också upp frågan om hur skulpturerna i de båda kyrkorna kan tolkas ur en religiös och konstnärlig synvinkel. Avslutningsvis behandlar jag frågan hur skulpturerna i Lundby nya kyrka har utformats för att passa dagens besökare.

Mina metoder för uppsatsen har varit litteraturstudier och enkätfrågor som skickats ut till personal till de respektive kyrkorna och till konstnären, Lars ”Huck” Hultgren. Som hjälp för analysen av skulpturerna har en ikonografisk metod använts. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt handlar om hur konst kan påverka människor.

Uppsatsen visar att skulpturerna i Hyssna framförallt har sin betydelse som kulturarv men att de till viss del har ett religiöst och liturgiskt värde. Skulpturerna i Lundby har i högre utsträckning ett religiöst och liturgiskt värde för sin församling. De har inte fått någon speciell utformning för att passa dagens kyrkobesökare eller svenska kyrkans lära av idag. Det finns också en oenighet vad gäller det religiösa och konstnärliga utformandet av Lundbyskulpturerna. 

In the medieval ruling catholic time the church walls was swarmed with programs of pictures with religious motives there the animal figures rich symbolics was significant first and foremost for the illiterate. Principally the inspiration comes from the antiquitys pagan world of fables and bestiary Christian world of symbols with the bible as the essential source. The essay describes six of the most common animal symbols who occur; dragon, the sneak in the Paradise, mouth of hell, lion, the fox as a preacher and the devil.

To attain to a discussion about why just animals are used as symbols for human characteristics in the medieval church art instead for human beings as it's actually be about, I have studied bestiary and other literature about medieval churchpainting to get an understanding about the history of ideas about the thoughts of the time and about symbolics of animals, worth and how the Christianity have had an influence on the pictures.

I have used Johannes Rosenrods church pictures from Tensta church in Uppland from 1437 as an exemplification but also mentioned other unknown painters who used similar animal codes and motives.

It's plausible that the purpose of the animal figures was both religious and political, which was used by both the spiritual and the worldly authority so they could keep their dominance over the peasant. The figures was simple to read and remember and they made a deep impression on the people together with the sermon. The churchgoer get so to speak a sound- and image experience, a medieval reality who impress their world of ideas.

When it's about the artistic formation of religious expression and characteristics it was undoubtedly a great advantage for the artists to use an animal code like a schemata. The medieval unchangeable animal symboles was ready to be used for anyone who wished.

The aim of this project was to develop a new, more exclusive concept of packaging and labels for mineral water. The main problem with today's bottles for water which we have on the russian market, is that bottles have the same form, are very similar to each other, are intended mainly for the same target group, with sport interests and active way of life and that almost all bottles are made of plastic (PET). The goal for my project is to create a new variant of bottles for water that will be selling to restaurants, café, pubs, fares and other special occasions and to increase value of water through developing a more exclusive product. Using the reference group and studies I have produced a bottle for water which is made of glass, has an aluminium screwing cork and designed label which is different from the other products in the same trade.

This essay focuses on crime history and gender. It is a study of female crimes in the beginning of the 19th century in a small parish (Askeryd Socken) in Småland in the south part of Sweden. The method I have used is to study the records of Municipal Court regarding the citizens of the parish of Askeryd. I have then tried to find out whether the female offenders have been treated different than the male offenders, if there is a certain kind of gender-related crimes and in those cases where comparison is possible, I have examined if the females are treated in a lighter way. (”female discount”), or if they were treated as mentally unstable.The essay shows that in this particular parish during the years 1825 to 1830, female offenders were not treated in a lighter manner. There were certain gender-related crimes, which women were more exposed to than men, but women offenders were not treated as mentally disturbed.

Min uppsats har som syfte att belysa könsuppfattningar i en förskoleklass. Under studien har ett förbättringsområde identifierats och könskillnader mellan könen noterades. Hur hanterar förskoleklassen pojkar och flickor utifrån deras kön och hur jobbar förskoleklasslärare för att minska könsstereotyper? Centrala frågor var att identifiera könsrollsmönster i förskoleklassen framträder, jämställdhetsarbetet i förskoleklassen och framträdande av könsstereotyper. I dag ses det oftast som självklart i Sverige att förskoleklasser arbetar med jämställdhetsfrågor enligt förskoleklassens läroplan och att förskoleklasser skall försöka utmana könsstereotyper. Förskoleklassen lägger en grund för hur våra barns värderingar och vad deras värdegrund skall förankras utav. Det valda ämnesområdet är viktigt att belysa, som skola räcker det inte enbart med att ha jämställdhetsdagar, jämställdhetsarbetet måste finnas som en kontinuerlig process i deras dagliga verksamhet om könsstereotyper skall försvinna. Kvalitetsarbetet inom förskoleklasser måste hålla en hög nivå. Ständiga förändringar och ökade krav i samhället gör att skolan måste se över och revidera sina läroplaner kontinuerligt. Kvalitetsarbete inom förskoleklasser samt i skolans värld skall sätta sina elever i centrum, undervisningen måste baseras på fakta och integrera samtliga inom skolvärlden för att kunna förbättra skolans processer. Det empiriska materialet består utav observationer och intervjuer. Denna uppsats är gjord utifrån en kvalitativ metod. Resultatet utav denna uppsats tyder på att det finns skillnader mellan könen. Slutsatsen är att det finns en problematik för skolan där läroplanen (Lgr11) säger att skolan skall utmana och följa med i tiden. Dokumenten säger ingenting om hur jämställdhetsarbetet skall göras. Att tolka läroplanen (Lgr11) är upp till varje skola att göra själv.

Med utgångspunkt i en porträttskiss signerad  Schröder tecknas i uppsatsen en bild av konstnären Georg Engelhard Schröder och särskilt av hans tid som hovmålare 1725-1750.  I uppsatsen diskuteras Schröders porträtt av drottning Ulrika Eleonora och den tecknade ansiktsstudiens roll i det samtida porträttmåleriet.

In this examination project, at candidate level with extent of 15 credits has been going on for ten weeks and been in collaboration with the municipality of Gotland, Region Gotland.This assignment has been about developing a new parking sign for Visby’s inner town and to facilitate navigation in traffic through a parking app. The parking sign and the app interact with each other and create a unity over the traffic problems in Visby.

The problem formulation of the project has been:“How can I develop a new navigational system to facilitate the traffic flow in Visby and a new parking sign that is easily understood, while blending in with the cultural heritage with reasonable measures for Region Gotland to produce?”

I have through studies of color, form, function analyzed and come up with a graphic symbol, in a choice that is recognizable to the signs related to parking machines and payment of them adapted for Visby’s inner town as well as it should blend in with the environment. You should easily be able to interpret the signs and find the parking machines as well as the parking app gives you direction to the nearest parking space and inform you if any parking spaces are available or not, all this give you more comprehensive and facilitate information.The project has been adapted to human from an ergonomic perspective and the cultural heritage of Visby old town, with reasonable measures for the municipality to realize and produce.

Drawing on the resource-based view, this paper addresses two fundamental questions: what innovation capabilities are most important for the creation of innovations in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and what are the relations between different innovation capabilities? We propose a model for the analysis of innovation capabilities in small and medium enterprises. In the model, we distinguish between capacities, such as access to financial, physical, technological and human resources, and competencies, such as knowledge and skills, market and entrepreneurial orientation. The findings are based on surveys from 277 tourism and food production SMEs from five Baltic Sea Region countries.